{"title":"Vitamin A","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cscript type=\"application\/ld+json\"\u003e\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n  \"itemListElement\": [\n    { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 1, \"name\": \"Home\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/plenthera.com\/\" },\n    { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 2, \"name\": \"Categorieën\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/plenthera.com\/collections\/\" },\n    { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 3, \"name\": \"Vitamine A\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/plenthera.com\/collections\/vitamine-a\/\" }\n  ]\n}\n\u003c\/script\u003e \u003cscript type=\"application\/ld+json\"\u003e\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"CollectionPage\",\n  \"name\": \"Vitamine A bij Plenthera\",\n  \"description\": \"Premium vitamine A — retinol (dierlijk) en beta-caroteen (plantaardig). EFSA-erkend voor immuun, huid en gezichtsvermogen.\",\n  \"url\": \"https:\/\/plenthera.com\/collections\/vitamine-a\/\",\n  \"inLanguage\": \"nl-NL\",\n  \"isPartOf\": { \"@type\": \"WebSite\", \"name\": \"Plenthera\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/plenthera.com\/\" },\n  \"about\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n    \"name\": \"Vitamine A\",\n    \"alternateName\": [\"Retinol\", \"Beta-caroteen\"],\n    \"description\": \"Vitamine A is een vetoplosbare vitamine in twee vormen: retinol (dierlijk) en beta-caroteen (plantaardig).\"\n  }\n}\n\u003c\/script\u003e \u003cscript type=\"application\/ld+json\"\u003e\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wat is het verschil tussen retinol en beta-caroteen?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Retinol is preformed vitamine A (direct actief), uit dierlijke bronnen. Beta-caroteen is de plantaardige provitamine — het lichaam zet om naar retinol op behoefte. Conversie: 12 µg beta-caroteen ≈ 1 µg retinol-equivalent.\"}},\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Hoeveel vitamine A per dag?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"RI: 800 µg RE per dag. EFSA-bovengrens (UL) volwassenen: 3.000 µg RE retinol\/dag. Tijdens zwangerschap maximaal 700 µg retinol\/dag.\"}},\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Mag vitamine A tijdens zwangerschap?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Beta-caroteen is veilig in zwangerschap (geen retinol-toxiciteit). Retinol-vitamine A maximaal 700 µg\/dag — boven die grens is teratogeen risico aangetoond. Vermijd levertraan met hoog retinol-gehalte tijdens zwangerschap.\"}},\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Vegan vitamine A — bestaat dat?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ja. Beta-caroteen uit plantaardige bronnen (wortels, gist of palmolie) is vegan. Voor wie volledig plantaardig wil aanvullen: kies een beta-caroteen-supplement.\"}},\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Helpt vitamine A voor het zien?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ja — EFSA-erkende claim: vitamine A draagt bij tot het behoud van een normaal gezichtsvermogen. Vitamine A is essentieel voor de productie van rhodopsine, het pigment in de retinale staafjes.\"}}\n  ]\n}\n\u003c\/script\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003carticle\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWritten by the Plenthera team (orthomolecularly trained). Scientifically reviewed in April 2026. Last updated: April 30, 2026.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVitamin A is one of the oldest researched vitamins and exists in two fundamentally different forms: retinol (preformed, animal, directly active) and beta-carotene (plant-based provitamin that the body converts as needed). Both have their place. At Plenthera, you'll find premium vitamin A in both routes — retinol formulas for targeted supplementation, beta-carotene for the plant-based and pregnancy-safe route. \u003ca rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/topics\/topic\/health-claims\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEFSA\u003c\/a\u003e-approved for immune system, skin, and vision.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cnav aria-label=\"Table of Contents\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#vergelijking\"\u003eWhich vitamin A is right for you?\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#wat-is-vitamine-a\"\u003eWhat is vitamin A?\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#efsa-claims\"\u003eVitamin A and EFSA — what is scientifically recognized?\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#veiligheid-en-zwangerschap-kies-bewust\"\u003eSafety and pregnancy — choose consciously\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#vormen\"\u003eThe vitamin A forms at Plenthera\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#hoe-gebruik\"\u003eHow do you use vitamin A?\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#mythes\"\u003eMyths and misconceptions about vitamin A\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#combineren\"\u003eCombining vitamin A with other supplements\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#faq\"\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#bronnen\"\u003eSources\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\u003c\/nav\u003e\u003csection\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"vergelijking\"\u003eWhich vitamin A is right for you?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eForm\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSource\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eBest for\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRetinol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eAnimal\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTargeted supplementation, not pregnant\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBeta-carotene\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePlant-based\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePregnancy, vegan, safe\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCarotenoid mix\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePlant-based\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eWholefood approach\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCod liver oil\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFish\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBroad spectrum vitamin A + D + omega 3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e\u003csection\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"wat-is-vitamine-a\"\u003eWhat is vitamin A?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin found in two main forms: retinol (preformed, animal) and beta-carotene (plant-based provitamin). Vitamin A is essential for immune function, skin barrier, mucous membranes, vision, and cell differentiation.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main distinction in the world of vitamin A is that between retinol and beta-carotene. Retinol — derived from animal sources such as cod liver oil, beef liver, egg yolk, and dairy — is directly biologically active and immediately used by the body. As a result, retinol also has an upper limit: overconsumption can lead to vitamin A toxicity, particularly relevant during pregnancy (teratogenic risk at \u0026gt;700 µg\/day).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeta-carotene, on the other hand, comes from plant sources — carrots, pumpkin, sweet potato, spinach, kale, red palm oil. It is a provitamin: the body converts beta-carotene to retinol based on need. If the body has enough retinol, the conversion stops, and the excess is stored or excreted — without risk of toxicity. This makes beta-carotene the safe plant-based route, even during pregnancy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn modern premium \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/multi-vitamines\"\u003emultivitamins\u003c\/a\u003e and prenatal formulas, beta-carotene is increasingly chosen intentionally to prevent exceeding the UL, while in separate targeted vitamin A supplements, retinol is often still preferred. Also check our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/visolie\"\u003efish oil category\u003c\/a\u003e and multivitamin category where cod liver oil and prenatal formulas utilize both forms in different ways.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e\u003csection\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"efsa-claims\"\u003eVitamin A and EFSA — what is scientifically recognized?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVitamin A has a wide range of recognized \u003ca rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/topics\/topic\/food-supplements\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEFSA\u003c\/a\u003e claims, included in EU Regulation 432\/2012:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\"Vitamin A contributes to normal iron metabolism.\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\"Vitamin A contributes to the maintenance of normal skin.\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\"Vitamin A contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes.\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\"Vitamin A contributes to the maintenance of normal vision.\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\"Vitamin A contributes to the normal function of the immune system.\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\"Vitamin A plays a role in the process of cell differentiation.\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThreshold: claims apply to a daily intake of at least 15% RI — which is 120 µg RE per serving. Our products typically deliver 800-1,500 µg RE per serving, well above the threshold and below the EFSA upper limit of 3,000 µg\/day (adults).\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e\u003csection\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"veiligheid-en-zwangerschap-kies-bewust\"\u003eSafety and pregnancy — choose consciously\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVitamin A is one of the few vitamins where conscious dosing truly matters. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, retinol is stored in the liver and fatty tissue — overdose accumulates.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdults:\u003c\/strong\u003e Below the UL of 3,000 µg RE\/day, long-term use is safe. Symptoms of toxicity (headache, dry skin, liver burden) only occur with chronic intake \u0026gt;5,000 µg\/day.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePregnancy:\u003c\/strong\u003e Maximum 700 µg retinol\/day. Above this limit, teratogenic risk has been demonstrated. Beta-carotene has no restriction — the body regulates the conversion itself. The \u003ca rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nvwa.nl\/onderwerpen\/voedingssupplementen\/risico-s-voedingssupplementen\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNVWA\u003c\/a\u003e advises extra caution with vitamin A supplements during pregnancy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCod liver oil caveat:\u003c\/strong\u003e Many cod liver oil products provide 1,500-3,000 µg retinol\/day. Often advised against during pregnancy — choose a prenatal formula with beta-carotene instead of \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/levertraan\"\u003ecod liver oil\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking and beta-carotene:\u003c\/strong\u003e High doses of beta-carotene (\u0026gt;20 mg\/day) have been associated with an increased lung cancer risk in smokers in studies. For smokers: common dietary doses are safe, but no mega-doses.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e\u003csection\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"vormen\"\u003eThe vitamin A forms at Plenthera\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRetinol (retinyl palmitate \/ acetate)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe preformed animal form. Directly biologically active. Doses 800-1,500 µg RE (2,500-5,000 IU). For targeted supplementation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBeta-carotene (plant-based, vegan)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant-based provitamin. Safe route (no retinol toxicity). For pregnancy and vegan route. Doses 5-15 mg (≈ 800-2,500 µg RE equivalent).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCarotenoid mix (beta-carotene + alpha-carotene + lutein + zeaxanthin)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePremium plant-based formula with a broader carotenoid profile. For those who prefer a wholefood approach.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eVitamin A in cod liver oil\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClassic route — natural retinol alongside vitamin D and omega 3. See our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/visolie\"\u003efish oil category\u003c\/a\u003e. Not recommended during pregnancy.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e\u003csection\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"hoe-gebruik\"\u003eHow do you use vitamin A?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimple basic approach to vitamin A:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetermine your goal and situation: targeted supplementation (retinol), safe plant-based route (beta-carotene), pregnancy (beta-carotene only).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor general supplementation: 800-1,500 µg RE\/day — not above 3,000 µg long-term.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor pregnancy: maximum 700 µg retinol\/day or beta-carotene unlimited.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlways take with a fatty meal — vitamin A is fat-soluble.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCombine for synergy: vitamin D, K2, zinc (cofactor) and vitamin E (antioxidant).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor smokers: avoid high beta-carotene doses (\u0026gt;20 mg\/day).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIf taking medication (especially retinoid medications): consult a doctor beforehand.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e\u003csection\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"mythes\"\u003eMyths and misconceptions about vitamin A\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMyth 1: \"Beta-carotene is less effective than retinol.\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot quite — different. Beta-carotene is converted as needed, so it provides exactly what the body requires. Retinol provides regardless of need. For most people, beta-carotene is functionally equivalent and safer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMyth 2: \"Eating carrots improves your night vision.\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHalf true. Vitamin A is essential for rhodopsin in the rods (night vision). A deficiency of vitamin A reduces night vision — supplementation restores it. But with normal status, extra vitamin A does not improve your vision beyond normal. WWII myth (British RAF radar disguised as a carrot diet) perpetuated the exaggeration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMyth 3: \"The more vitamin A, the better the skin.\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncorrect and risky. Above the UL of 3,000 µg\/day, liver burden, dry skin, and headache occur. For skin issues, targeted dosing (800-1,500 µg) is more effective than mega-dosing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMyth 4: \"You shouldn't take vitamin A during pregnancy.\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnly retinol should be limited — maximum 700 µg\/day. Beta-carotene is safe and even recommended. A prenatal formula with beta-carotene provides vitamin A without teratogenic risk.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e\u003csection\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"combineren\"\u003eCombining vitamin A with other supplements\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVitamin A works synergistically with other fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. Popular combinations:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/vitamine-d\"\u003eVitamin D\u003c\/a\u003e: fat-soluble sister vitamin, often combined in cod liver oil.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/vitamine-k\" title=\"vitamine K\"\u003eVitamin K2\u003c\/a\u003e: for bone and vascular issues in combination with A and D.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/vitamine-e\"\u003eVitamin E\u003c\/a\u003e: antioxidant synergy, protects vitamin A from oxidation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/zinc-zinkoxide\"\u003eZinc\u003c\/a\u003e: cofactor in vitamin A metabolism (mobilization from the liver).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/visolie\"\u003eFish oil \/ cod liver oil\u003c\/a\u003e: natural combination with EPA, DHA, A, D.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/multi-vitamines\"\u003eMultivitamin\u003c\/a\u003e: for those who want complete coverage.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e\u003csection\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"faq\"\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is vitamin A?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFat-soluble vitamin in two forms: retinol (animal) and beta-carotene (plant-based). Essential for immune, skin, mucous membranes, vision.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the difference between retinol and beta-carotene?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetinol: directly active, animal. Beta-carotene: provitamin, plant-based, conversion on demand. 12 µg beta-carotene ≈ 1 µg RE.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow much vitamin A per day?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRI 800 µg RE\/day. UL adults: 3,000 µg RE\/day retinol. Pregnancy max 700 µg retinol.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhen to take vitamin A?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith a fatty meal for optimal absorption.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDoes vitamin A help the skin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEFSA-approved claim: vitamin A contributes to the maintenance of normal skin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDoes vitamin A help vision?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEFSA-approved claim: vitamin A contributes to the maintenance of normal vision.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIs vitamin A allowed during pregnancy?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeta-carotene unlimited (safe). Retinol max 700 µg\/day.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are vitamin A deficiency symptoms?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoor night vision, dry skin, frequent infections, dry eyes. Deficiency is rare in NL with a normal diet.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVegan vitamin A — does it exist?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes, beta-carotene from plant sources (carrots, yeast, palm oil). Fully plant-based.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDoes vitamin A have side effects?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith retinol overdose (long-term \u0026gt;3,000 µg\/day): headache, dry skin, liver burden. Beta-carotene has no UL.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e\u003csection\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"bronnen\"\u003eSources\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/topics\/topic\/health-claims\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEFSA Regulation (EU) 432\/2012\u003c\/a\u003e — vitamin A claims.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/topics\/topic\/food-supplements\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEFSA NDA Panel\u003c\/a\u003e — Tolerable Upper Intake Level for vitamin A (2002).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rivm.nl\/voeding\/aanvullend-onderzoek-microvoedingsstoffen\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRIVM\u003c\/a\u003e — Additional research micronutrients.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21715511\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eTanumihardjo SA.\u003c\/a\u003e, \"Vitamin A: biomarkers of nutrition for development\", Am J Clin Nutr (2011).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16469975\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePenniston KL. \u0026amp; Tanumihardjo SA.\u003c\/a\u003e, \"The acute and chronic toxic effects of vitamin A\", Am J Clin Nutr (2006).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer:\u003c\/strong\u003e This text is for informational purposes only and does not replace medical advice. Vitamin A is a dietary supplement, not a medicine. In case of doubt or if taking medication, we recommend consulting a doctor or orthomolecular therapist first.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/article\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"green-pasture-fermented-skate-liver-oil-rogleverolie-120-caps","title":"Fermented Skate Liver Oil - 120 caps","description":"\u003cp\u003eGreen Pasture® Fermented Cod Liver Oil contains cod liver oil in vegetable capsules. Prepared using a traditional fermentation process without heating. Naturally contains vitamins A and D; levels vary per batch.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120 capsules per jar (60 servings of 2 capsules of 500 mg).\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Green Pasture","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56767317147993,"sku":"GP98900","price":44.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/green-pasture-skate-liver-oil-capsules.jpg?v=1774359432"},{"product_id":"green-pasture-fermented-cod-liver-oil-concentrated-butter-oil-levertraan-boterolie-120-caps","title":"Fermented Cod Liver Oil \u0026 Concentrated Butter Oil - 120 caps","description":"\u003cp\u003eGreen Pasture® Fermented Cod Liver Oil \u0026amp; Butter Oil capsules combine fermented cod liver oil (Alaska cod) and concentrated butter oil from grass-fed cows in a single 750 mg capsule. Prepared using a traditional, heat-free fermentation process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120 capsules per jar — MSC-certified fishery.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Green Pasture","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56767318425945,"sku":"GP97903","price":44.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/green-pasture-fermented-cod-liver-oil-butter-oil-blend-120-capsules.jpg?v=1774359285"},{"product_id":"green-pasture-fermented-cod-liver-oil-levertraan-120-caps","title":"Fermented Cod Liver Oil - 120 caps","description":"\u003cp\u003eGreen Pasture Fermented Cod Liver Oil contains fermented cod liver oil in vegetable capsules (Veg-Caps). 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Prepared using a traditional, non-heating fermentation process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e176 ml per bottle (88 servings of 2 ml) — includes dosing syringe.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Green Pasture","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56767390646617,"sku":"GP97002","price":39.95,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/green-pasture-gefermenteerde-levertraan-kaneel-smaak-176-ml.jpg?v=1774358705"},{"product_id":"green-pasture-fermented-cod-liver-oil-levertraan-sinaasappel-180ml","title":"Fermented Cod Liver Oil Orange - 180ml","description":"\u003cp\u003eGreen Pasture® Fermented Cod Liver Oil Orange is a liquid cod liver oil from MSC-certified Alaskan cod, flavored with organic orange oil and organic lemon oil. Prepared using a traditional, unheated fermentation process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e180 ml per bottle (90 servings of 2 ml) — dosing syringe included.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Green Pasture","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56767391138137,"sku":"GP97101","price":39.95,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/green-pasture-gefermenteerde-levertraan-sinaasappel-smaak-180-ml-2.jpg?v=1774358666"},{"product_id":"green-pasture-fermented-cod-liver-oil-concentrated-butter-oil-levertraan-boterolie-naturel-188ml-gel","title":"Fermented Cod Liver Oil \u0026 Concentrated Butter Oil (Cod Liver Oil\/Butter Oil) Natural - 188ml gel","description":"\u003cp\u003eGreen Pasture® Fermented Cod Liver Oil \u0026amp; Butter Oil Gel Natural combines fermented cod liver oil (Alaskan cod) and concentrated butter oil from grass-fed cows in a gel form. Prepared using a traditional fermentation process without heating. Natural variant with no added flavorings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e188 ml per jar (approx. 75 servings) — MSC certified fisheries.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Green Pasture","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56767392547161,"sku":"GP98504","price":44.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/green-pasture-gefermenteerde-levertraan-boterolie-naturel-188-ml-gel-1_5dd85ef1-c7ae-4f0b-9d16-32659b2c84f8.jpg?v=1774358602"},{"product_id":"green-pasture-fermented-cod-liver-oil-concentrated-butter-oil-levertraan-boterolie-chocolade-188ml-gel","title":"Fermented Cod Liver Oil \u0026 Concentrated Butter Oil (Cod Liver Oil\/Butter Oil) Chocolate - 188ml gel","description":"\u003cp\u003eGreen Pasture® Fermented Cod Liver Oil \u0026amp; Butter Oil Gel Chocolate combines fermented cod liver oil (Alaska Cod) and concentrated butter oil from grass-fed cows in a chocolate-flavored gel form. Flavored with organic cocoa powder, organic vanilla extract, and stevia leaf. Prepared using a traditional, non-heating fermentation process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e188 ml per jar (approx. 75 servings) — MSC certified fishery.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Green Pasture","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56767395955033,"sku":"GP98306","price":44.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/green-pasture-gefermenteerde-levertraan-boter-olie-blend-chocolade-smaak-188-ml-gel-1.jpg?v=1774358560"},{"product_id":"green-pasture-fermented-cod-liver-oil-concentrated-butter-oil-levertraan-boterolie-kaneel-188ml-gel","title":"Fermented Cod Liver Oil \u0026 Concentrated Butter Oil (Cod Liver Oil\/Butter Oil) Cinnamon - 188ml gel","description":"\u003cp\u003eGreen Pasture® Fermented Cod Liver Oil \u0026amp; Butter Oil Gel Cinnamon combines fermented cod liver oil (Alaskan cod) and concentrated butter oil from grass-fed cows in a cinnamon-flavored gel. Flavored with cinnamon oil (Cinnamon Cassia). Prepared using a traditional fermentation process without heating.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e188 ml per jar (approx. 75 servings) — MSC-certified fishery.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Green Pasture","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56767401394521,"sku":"GP98405","price":44.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/green-pasture-gefermenteerde-levertraan-boter-olie-blend-kaneel-smaak-188-ml-gel-1.jpg?v=1774358525"},{"product_id":"green-pasture-fermented-cod-liver-oil-levertraan-180ml","title":"Fermented Cod Liver Oil - 180ml","description":"\u003cp\u003eGreen Pasture® Fermented Cod Liver Oil is a liquid cod liver oil from MSC-certified Alaskan cod. Prepared using a traditional fermentation process without heating. Contains naturally occurring vitamins A and D; levels vary per batch.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e180 ml per bottle (90 servings of 2 ml) — dosing syringe included.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Green Pasture","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56769416036697,"sku":"GP97507","price":39.95,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/green-pasture-fermented-cod-liver-oil-natural-180ml-1.jpg?v=1774276071"},{"product_id":"green-pature-fermented-skate-liver-oil-rogleverolie-sinaasappel-180ml","title":"Fermented Skate Liver Oil Orange - 180ml","description":"\u003cp\u003eGreen Pasture® Fermented Cod Liver Oil Orange is a liquid cod liver oil from Alaska, flavored with organic orange oil and organic lemon oil. Prepared using a traditional fermentation process without heating. Naturally contains vitamins A and D; levels vary per batch.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e180 ml per bottle (90 servings of 2 ml) — includes dosing syringe.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Green Pasture","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56769418264921,"sku":"GP99006","price":39.95,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/green-pasture-gefermenteerde-rog-lever-olie-sinaasappel-180ml-1.jpg?v=1774276021"},{"product_id":"big-food-beef-liver-organic-grass-fed-180-caps","title":"Beef Liver Capsules Organic \u0026 Grass-Fed – 180 capsules","description":"\u003cp\u003eBig Food Beef Liver contains organic, freeze-dried beef liver in capsules with a plant-based capsule shell. The beef liver comes from grass-fed cattle. 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A hint of orange makes the spoonful the difference between 'delicious' and 'okay' for some drinkers. 237ml bottle, good for approximately 48 servings.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Nordic Naturals","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56769591542105,"sku":"NN7850","price":31.95,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/nordic-naturals-arctic-cod-liver-oil-1060mg-orange-237-ml-2.jpg?v=1774451165"},{"product_id":"nordic-naturals-arctic-cod-liver-oil-lemon-237ml","title":"Arctic Cod Liver Oil Lemon - 237ml","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNordic Naturals Arctic Cod Liver Oil Lemon is a liquid cod liver oil with a gentle lemon finish — a traditional source of omega-3 that has been a staple in Northern European households for generations. Wild-caught Arctic cod (Gadus morhua), purified in Norway according to the European Pharmacopoeia. The lemon finish makes the spoonful more pleasant than a neutral fish oil and for many users, it's the difference between sticking with it and giving up. 237 ml bottle, good for approximately 48 servings.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Nordic Naturals","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56769592263001,"sku":"NN7856","price":31.95,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/nordic-naturals-arctic-cod-liver-oil-1060mg-lemon-237-ml-2.jpg?v=1774451121"},{"product_id":"nordic-naturals-arctic-cod-liver-oil-unflavored-237ml","title":"Arctic Cod Liver Natural - 237ml","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNordic Naturals Arctic Cod Liver Oil Natural is a liquid cod liver oil with no added flavourings – for those who want to experience the pure, natural taste of cod liver oil. Wild-caught Arctic cod (Gadus morhua), purified in Norway according to the European Pharmacopoeia. A straightforward option for those who prefer no citrus or orange notes in their fish oil, or are sensitive to natural aromas. 237 ml bottle, enough for approximately 48 servings.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Nordic Naturals","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56769593770329,"sku":"NN7851","price":31.95,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/nordic-naturals-arctic-cod-liver-oil-unflavored-237-ml-1.jpg?v=1774451059"},{"product_id":"nordic-naturals-arctic-d-cod-liver-oil-omega-3-d3-lemon-237ml","title":"Arctic-D Cod Liver Oil Lemon — 237 ml","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNordic Naturals Arctic-D Cod Liver Oil Lemon combines wild-caught Arctic cod liver oil with added vitamin D3—two nutrients often relevant at the same time in our northern regions. Liquid, with a delicate lemon finish. Especially useful in the winter months, when daily sun exposure is limited and vitamin D supplementation is welcome. 237ml bottle, good for approximately 48 servings.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Nordic Naturals","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56769595474265,"sku":"NN7832","price":31.95,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/files\/nordic-naturals-arctic-d-cod-liver-oil-lemon-237-ml-2.jpg?v=1774450970"}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0941\/6127\/3177\/collections\/fermented-cod-liver-oil-green-pasture-120-caps.jpg?v=1776070767","url":"https:\/\/www.plenthera.com\/en\/collections\/vitamine-a.oembed","provider":"Plenthera","version":"1.0","type":"link"}